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East Africa

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Socio-economic status and HIV/AIDS stigma in Tanzania

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Tanzania has a generalised AIDS epidemic but the estimated adult HIV prevalence of 6% is much lower than in many countries in Southern Africa. HIV infection rates are reportedly higher in urban areas, ...

Last updated on May 11 2011 at 19:10

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HIV/AIDS stigma is a common thread in the narratives of pregnant women affected by HIV/AIDS globally and may be associated with refusal of HIV testing. We conducted a cross-sectional study of women at ...

Last updated on September 15 2011 at 15:30

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AIDS-related stigma is a major contributor to the health and psychosocial well-being of children affected by AIDS. Whilst it is often suggested that AIDS-affected children may be stigmatised by other ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 15:46

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ICRW, in partnership with organizations in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia, led a study of HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in these three countries. This project, conducted from April 20 ...

Last updated on February 14 2012 at 18:18

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Although there are a growing number of programs working to reduce stigma, few of these programs have been evaluated, particularly at the community level. Documentation and evaluation of these pioneeri ...

Last updated on April 28 2011 at 16:18

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A meeting entitled “Stigma and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Setting the Operational Research Agenda” was convened in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania from 4-6 June 2001. It was attended by 80 participants representing ...

Last updated on April 29 2011 at 22:12

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The private sector's role in increasing the use of maternal health care for the poor in developing countries has received increasing attention, yet few data exist for urban slums. Using household-surv ...

Last updated on May 31 2011 at 16:42

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In this study we examined the social construction of stigma toward HIV/AIDS in the Israeli press by comparing newspaper articles on HIV/AIDS, a highly stigmatized illness, and heart disease, a nonstig ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 15:26

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This article reports the findings from a qualitative research study carried out in four areas in western Uganda. Opinions about AIDS-related stigma were elucidated from four focus group discussions wi ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 18:42

The Stigma of Tuberculosis

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In the mid-19th century, colloquial names for tuberculosis, such as the white plague, with reference to the pallor common in patients with tuberculosis, and consumption, reflecting the atrophy of an i ...

Last updated on September 6 2011 at 14:44

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Knowledge about sexual practices and life experiences of men having sex with men in Kenya, and indeed in East Africa, is limited. Although the impact of male same-sex HIV transmission in Africa is inc ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 13:51

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In this article the authors report on how home-based care (HBC) professionals reduce stigmatizing behavior in Kenya. This study was part of an action research project that evaluated the introduction o ...

Last updated on June 1 2011 at 15:33

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Objective: To explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on maternity care providers in labor and delivery in a high HIV-prevalence setting in sub-Saharan Africa. Design: Qualitative one-on-one in-depth intervie ...

Last updated on September 15 2011 at 15:38

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This report brings together highlights from two studies undertaken by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in India and by TASO in Uganda. It offers: •a review of relevant literature •a statement of ...

Last updated on April 29 2011 at 19:39

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HIV/AIDS and food insecurity are two of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, with each heightening the vulnerability to, and worsening the severity of, the other. Less ...

Last updated on November 22 2011 at 16:04

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HIV/AIDS stigma continues to be a major obstacle to prevention and care interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have been shown to both foster HIV stigma as well as mitig ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 18:03

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Background: Although Voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) has been the cornerstone of HIV prevention in developed countries, relatively little information is available on the delivery and impact ...

Last updated on May 12 2011 at 15:52

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This study explored the demographic and social factors, including perceived HIV stigma, that influence job satisfaction in nurses from 5 African countries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of nu ...

Last updated on May 31 2011 at 20:35

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HIV/AIDS-related stigma, and its associated discrimination, is known to negatively affect all aspects of HIV prevention, care and treatment. Studies have revealed the extent to which individuals are s ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 17:52

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The World Health Organization estimates that 340 million new cases of curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) occur every year, while 33 million individuals are estimated to be living with HIV. ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 16:32

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PURPOSE: Participation of volunteers in clinical research is essential to the development of effective HIV prevention methods, including an HIV vaccine. This study expands current knowledge of stigma ...

Last updated on October 11 2011 at 18:06

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Although policies and programs exist to promote safe motherhood in sub-Saharan Africa, maternal health has not improved and may be deteriorating in some countries. Part of the explanation may be the a ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 15:08

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The aim of this study was to determine the acceptability of HIV counseling and testing and participation in a mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission intervention study using antiretroviral therapy in Dar ...

Last updated on June 1 2011 at 15:10

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This report documents human rights violations experienced by female, male and transgender sex workers in four African countries (Kenya, Uganda, South Africa and Zimbabwe), and describes barriers they ...

Last updated on September 15 2011 at 14:51

The Stigma of Tuberculosis

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short article exploring TB stigma in Peru and Zambia

Last updated on September 5 2011 at 08:49

Peer Educatory Diary - English

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The Positive Action at work project is all about helping companies to implement their comprehensive policies on HIV and AIDS – policies that cover care and treatment as well as education and preventio ...

Last updated on August 18 2011 at 16:22

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The implementation and utilization of programmes for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in most low income countries has been described as sub-optimal. As planners and servi ...

Last updated on February 21 2012 at 17:26

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Stigma and discrimination concerning HIV/AIDS has been shown to be a barrier to HIV prevention, voluntary counseling and testing, and care in many international settings. Most published stigma scales ...

Last updated on July 26 2011 at 19:27

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The fight against AIDS in Africa is often presented as a fight against “cultural barriers” that are seen as promoting the spread of the HIV virus. This attitude is based on a long history of Western p ...

Last updated on May 24 2011 at 19:23

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Mother-to-child transmission of HIV constitutes a substantial burden of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, and losses to follow-up continue to undermine prevention of mother-to-child transmissi ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 15:05

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In February 2008, members of Tanzania’s Parliament unanimously passed the HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act. The act, signed into law by the president on April 4, provides for HIV prevention, ...

Last updated on April 29 2011 at 16:00

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An expanding body of literature explores the role of African church groups in facilitating or hindering the support of people living with AIDS and challenging or contributing to HIV/AIDS-related stigm ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 15:44

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Quality of life (QOL) among patients with HIV/AIDS has been shown to improve once treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been initiated. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Western Uganda ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 17:30

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Illness-related stigma remains a serious problem in the management of HIV disease in Africa. This article describes a series of study phases conducted to develop and validate an instrument to measure ...

Last updated on November 8 2011 at 17:31

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Relatively little is known about the extent to which health campaigns can play a constructive role in reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma. The Malawi Radio Diaries is a program in which HIV-positive men ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 15:30

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Stigma and discrimination pose critical obstacles to stemming the HIV epidemic. Increasingly, programs are addressing this problem, but it is essential to monitor and evaluate those efforts. There are ...

Last updated on April 28 2011 at 16:24

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The rates, barriers, and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure to sexual partners are described for 245 female voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) clients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. VCT clients we ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 17:29

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BACKGROUND: Changing community norms to increase awareness of HIV status and reduce HIV-related stigma has the potential to reduce the incidence of HIV-1 infection in the developing world. METHODS: W ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 17:28

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Pregnancy decisions in women infected by HIV pose important public health and social problems, as they increase risk of both heterosexual and vertical HIV transmission. We sought to explore and gain d ...

Last updated on July 19 2011 at 14:11

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This paper describes the results of a study exploring the attitudes of women attending maternity clinics to voluntary counselling and testing during pregnancy in rural areas in south-west Uganda. It w ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 20:58

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OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted to assess the acceptability and utilization of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) services in Kahsey Abera Hospital, Hum ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 14:43

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HIV/AIDS-related stigma has been recognized as one of the largest challenges to improving HIV/AIDS care around the world. Studies suggest that provider stigma may be affecting the quality of care and ...

Last updated on April 29 2011 at 19:12

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This study explored and described the experiences of informal female caregivers providing home-based care to people living with HIV (PLWH) in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. The research design wa ...

Last updated on May 26 2011 at 20:22

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Background Client-initiated HIV counselling and testing has been scaled up in many African countries, in the form of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). Test rates have remained low, with HIV-rel ...

Last updated on February 7 2012 at 16:32

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OBJECTIVE: To report on activities and lessons learned during the first 18 months of a rural programme of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Zimbabwe. METHODS: The PMTCT ser ...

Last updated on June 1 2011 at 15:04

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Despite the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS that exists in many sub-Saharan African countries, very little is known of the prevalence and context of HIV-related stigma in these settings. This paper seeks ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 17:14

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HIV associated stigma is still prevalent throughout Africa despite the spread of the epidemic. Stigma is also attached to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Despite the importance of STIs, partic ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 17:22

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n the context of high HIV prevalence, tuberculosis is proving hard to control, becoming an increasingly prevalent disease and forcing a more integrated public health approach to the dual epidemics. Ye ...

Last updated on May 24 2011 at 16:12

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This study was conducted to identify reasons for a high and progressive loss to follow-up among HIV-positive mothers within a prevention-of-mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) program in a rural ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 15:33

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HIV/AIDS continues to constitute a serious threat to the social and physical wellbeing of African mothers and their babies. In the hardest hit countries of sub-Saharan Africa, more than 60% of all new ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 18:18

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The interactions between religious affiliation, education, HIV knowledge, and HIV-related sexual behaviors among African church youth are poorly understood. In this socio-demographic study, 522 unmarr ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 19:01

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Objective: To explore the experience of HIV/AIDS-related stigma for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Design and sample: Descriptive study ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 17:41

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This report evaluates the extent of perceived and enacted HIV/AIDS-related stigma in a rural setting in Zambia. Stigmatisation is abundant, ranging from subtle actions to the most extreme degradation, ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 18:24

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BACKGROUND: Individuals suffer from felt stigma when they internalize negative perceptions regarding themselves. People living with HIV (PLWH) employ diverse coping mechanisms when their self worth a ...

Last updated on July 14 2011 at 18:42

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This study was conducted to estimate the degree of interest among adults for getting an HIV test, the circumstances that brought individuals in for testing, and to monitor the experience of clients wh ...

Last updated on April 28 2011 at 15:19

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Background: Uptake of HIV test results from an annual serosurvey of a population study cohort in rural southwestern Uganda had never exceeded 10% in any given year since inception in 1989. An interven ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 17:24

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As anti-retroviral therapy becomes increasingly available, young people living with HIV need tailored support to adopt healthy sexual behaviors. There has been a gap in the availability of culturally ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 15:13

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AIDS has been equated with stigma and discrimination since the first cases were identified in the late 1970s. Watney (1994) recorded the traumatic impact that HIV had on gay communities in the US and ...

Last updated on November 17 2011 at 13:44

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Background Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in Uganda. However, the utilization of VCT services particularly among men ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 14:47

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Malawi is among the countries in the southern African region that have been severely affected by the HIV AIDS scourge. According to the Malawi National AIDS Commission, the infection rate among person ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 18:10

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OBJECTIVES: To examine the socio-demographic and behavioral factors predictive of women's disclosure of an HIV-positive test result in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. DESIGN: From April 1995 to May 2000, 10 ...

Last updated on November 10 2011 at 18:26

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The purpose of this review paper is to provide information and guidance to those in the health care setting about why it is important to combat HIV-related stigma and how to successfully address its c ...

Last updated on November 8 2011 at 17:13

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HIV-related stigma and discrimination (S&D) has accompanied the AIDS epidemic from the start. Fear of and actual experience with stigma and discrimination reduce an individuals willingness to practice ...

Last updated on November 8 2011 at 17:58

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This article describes the development and testing of a quantitative measure of HIV/AIDS stigma as experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS. This instrument is designed to measure perceived stigma, ...

Last updated on November 8 2011 at 17:51

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Objective: This study assessed the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in mitigation of stigma and discrimination among people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in informal settlem ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 17:19

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What accounts for differences in HIV stigma across different high prevalence settings? This study was designed to examine HIV stigma and discrimination in five high prevalence settings. Qualitative da ...

Last updated on November 15 2011 at 15:57

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Most people living with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa have had neither a biomedical diagnosis nor antiretroviral medication, leading to the question of how individuals understand and treat AIDS. This stu ...

Last updated on May 26 2011 at 17:00

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Issues: HIV/AIDS projects in Africa have focused for a long time only on prevention. In the last years it has become clear that treatment with ARV can work as well in these environments as it can in d ...

Last updated on May 23 2011 at 19:37

National Policy on HIV/AIDS - Tanzania

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The overall goal of the National Policy on HIV/AIDS is to provide for a framework for leadership and coordination of the National multisectoral response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This includes formula ...

Last updated on May 23 2011 at 19:31

Stigma Index Report: Ethiopia

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Stigma is a sign of disgrace or shame which is humiliating and demeaning to those who are subject to it. Stigma and its effects can be encountered at the various societal hierarchies such as individu ...

Last updated on March 15 2012 at 16:54

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HIV and AIDS stigma and discrimination is widespread in Africa. We did a secondary data analysis of HIV and AIDS behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) on female sex workers residing in three major cit ...

Last updated on June 4 2012 at 16:12

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This evaluation of several sections of the AIDS Indicator Survey (AIS) questionnaire was undertaken at the request of the USAID Mission in Tanzania as part of the process of preparing a questionnaire ...

Last updated on April 29 2011 at 16:04

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The spread of HIV/AIDS is endangering Ethiopia’s already precarious health care system. Providers find it difficult to deliver services to patients in poorly equipped and understaffed health facilitie ...

Last updated on April 27 2011 at 20:05

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This study examined the circumstances and social contexts in which individuals in Tanzania were tested and counselled for HIV, and patterns in disclosure of test results to partners, family, and frien ...

Last updated on April 28 2011 at 15:32

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A longitudinal study of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) found that levels of internalized stigma decreased after 12 months on treatment. Participants also disclosed to a greater number of fam ...

Last updated on April 27 2011 at 18:51

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Twenty-five years since the first news stories on HIV surfaced, media outlets are still struggling to report news on HIV/AIDS accurately, with depth and sensitivity – especially in developing countrie ...

Last updated on April 27 2011 at 18:48

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Evidence from an ICRW-led multi-country study in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Vietnam and Zambia shows that the key causes and consequences of HIV/AIDS-related stigma have many more similarities than differenc ...

Last updated on December 20 2011 at 20:15

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This guide is designed for use by a wide variety of stakeholders working in Tanzania's grassroots organizations, program designers, donors, researchers, policy makers, media, and planners and implemen ...

Last updated on April 28 2011 at 15:40

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The concept of stigma has received significant attention in recent years in the HIV/AIDS literature. Although there is some change towards the positive, AIDS still remains a significantly stigmatized ...

Last updated on May 24 2012 at 17:59

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Whether scale-up of HIV prevention and care will reduce negative attitudes and discriminatory practices towards persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) is uncertain. An HIV knowledge and attitude survey w ...

Last updated on June 19 2012 at 21:19

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Most studies on HIV serostatus disclosure and adolescents focus on whether, how and when to disclose to adolescents their HIV diagnosis. Fewer studies have examined HIV serostatus disclosure by adoles ...

Last updated on June 26 2012 at 21:37

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The aim of this study was to describe the perceptions of married men about barriers to accessing and accepting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) by pregnant/postnatal women positive for hum ...

Last updated on June 26 2012 at 18:34

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HIV-related stigma, among other factors, has been shown to have an impact on the desire to have children among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Our objective was to explore the experiences of HIV-relat ...

Last updated on July 10 2012 at 16:06

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A cross-sectional study, employing quantitative and qualitative methods, was conducted in 18 healthcare institutions of Jimma zone, during March 14 to April 14, 2011. A total of 255 healthcare provide ...

Last updated on July 31 2012 at 19:20

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The initiative was to provide activities in the clinic while patients waited to be seen by healthcare professionals. It was envisaged this would contribute to reduction of clinic based stigma felt by ...

Last updated on July 31 2012 at 18:34

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Childbirth with a skilled attendant is crucial for preventing maternal mortality and is an important opportunity for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The Maternity in Migori and AIDS ...

Last updated on August 23 2012 at 20:30

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Pregnant women who fear or experience HIV-related stigma may not get care for their own health or medications to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV. This study examined factors associated with antic ...

Last updated on August 23 2012 at 20:14

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